From a665d20d174b5b6c939e720e7b41e8a1664f4d23 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: colben <colbenlee@outlook.com>
Date: Tue, 21 Apr 2026 22:21:25 +0800
Subject: [PATCH] udpate

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 content/post/mysql-backup.md | 209 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 content/post/xtrabackup.md   |  87 ---------------
 2 files changed, 209 insertions(+), 87 deletions(-)
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 delete mode 100644 content/post/xtrabackup.md

diff --git a/content/post/mysql-backup.md b/content/post/mysql-backup.md
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+---
+title: "mysql/mariadb 备份"
+date: 2019-10-30T00:54:15+08:00
+lastmod: 2026-04-21T19:52:00+08:00
+tags: ["xtrabackup", "mariabackup", "mysql-shell", "备份", "mysql", "mariadb"]
+categories: ["database"]
+---
+
+## xtrabackup
+### 环境
+- mysql 8.4
+- rockylinux 9.6
+
+### 安装
+- [下载与操作系统和 mysql 版本对应的通用二进制包](https://www.percona.com/downloads/)，解压
+    ```bash
+    tar zxf percona-xtrabackup-8.4.0-5-Linux-x86_64.glibc2.34-minimal.tar.gz
+    mv percona-xtrabackup-8.4.0-5-Linux-x86_64.glibc2.34-minimal /opt/pxb
+    ```
+
+### 创建备份用户和目录
+- **备份目录如果是 nfs，挂载时需指定 sync 选项**
+- 创建备份用户
+    ```sql
+    CREATE USER xb@localhost IDENTIFIED BY 'Xtrabackup_1234';
+    GRANT BACKUP_ADMIN, PROCESS, RELOAD, LOCK TABLES, REPLICATION CLIENT ON *.* TO xb@localhost;
+    GRANT SELECT ON performance_schema.log_status TO xb@localhost;
+    GRANT SELECT ON performance_schema.keyring_component_status TO xb@localhost;
+    GRANT SELECT ON performance_schema.replication_group_members TO xb@localhost;
+    ```
+
+### 全量备份和恢复
+- 备份
+    ```bash
+    /opt/pxb/bin/xtrabackup --backup --target-dir=/backup/ \
+        --user=xb --password=Xtrabackup_1234
+    ```
+
+- 准备
+    ```bash
+    /opt/pxb/bin/xtrabackup --prepare --target-dir=/backup/
+    ```
+
+- 恢复，**提前停止 mysql**
+    ```bash
+    /opt/pxb/bin/xtrabackup --move-back --target-dir=/backup/
+    chown -R mysql:mysql /var/lib/mysql
+    ```
+
+### 增量备份和恢复
+- 先全量备份一次
+    ```bash
+    /opt/pxb/bin/xtrabackup --backup --target-dir=/backup/full \
+        --user=xb --password=Xtrabackup_1234
+    ```
+
+- 创建增量备份
+    ```bash
+    /opt/pxb/bin/xtrabackup --backup --target-dir=/backup/incre \
+        --incremental-basedir=/backup/full \
+        --user=xb --password=Xtrabackup_1234
+    ```
+
+- 准备全量备份，**注意这里指定"--apply-log-only"避免事务回滚**
+    ```bash
+    /opt/pxb/bin/xtrabackup --prepare --apply-log-only --target-dir=/backup/full
+    ```
+
+- 准备增量备份，**准备最后一个增量备份无需指定"--apply-log-only"**
+    ```bash
+    /opt/pxb/bin/xtrabackup --prepare --target-dir=/backup/full \
+        --incremental-dir=/data/backups/incre
+    ```
+
+- 恢复，**提前停止 mysql**
+    ```bash
+    /opt/pxb/bin/xtrabackup --move-back --target-dir=/backup/full
+    chown -R mysql:mysql /var/lib/mysql
+    ```
+
+---
+
+## mariabackup
+### 环境
+- mariadb 10.3
+- rockylinux 8.10
+
+### 安装
+```bash
+dnf install mariadb-backup
+```
+
+### 创建备份用户
+```sql
+CREATE USER backup@localhost IDENTIFIED BY 'Backup_1234';
+GRANT SELECT, RELOAD, PROCESS, REPLICATION CLIENT ON *.* TO backup@localhost;
+```
+
+### 全量备份和恢复
+- 备份
+    ```bash
+    mariabackup --backup --target-dir=/backup/ \
+        --user=backup --password=Backup_1234
+    ```
+
+- 准备
+    ```bash
+    mariabackup --prepare --target-dir=/backup/
+    ```
+
+- 恢复，**提前停止 mariadb**
+    ```bash
+    mariabackup --move-back --target-dir=/backup/
+    chown -R mysql:mysql /var/lib/mysql
+    ```
+
+### 增量备份和恢复
+- 先全量备份一次
+    ```bash
+    mariabackup --backup --target-dir=/backup/full \
+        --user=backup --password=Backup_1234
+    ```
+
+- 创建增量备份
+    ```bash
+    mariabackup --backup --target-dir=/backup/incre \
+        --incremental-basedir=/backup/full \
+        --user=backup --password=Backup_1234
+    ```
+
+- 准备全量备份
+    ```bash
+    mariabackup --prepare --target-dir=/backup/full
+    ```
+
+- 准备增量备份
+    ```bash
+    mariabackup --prepare --target-dir=/backup/full \
+        --incremental-dir=/data/backups/incre
+    ```
+
+- 恢复，**提前停止 mariadb**
+    ```bash
+    /opt/pxb/bin/xtrabackup --move-back --target-dir=/backup/full
+    chown -R mysql:mysql /var/lib/mysql
+    ```
+
+## mysqlsh
+### 环境
+- mysql 8.4
+- rockylinux 9.6
+
+### 安装
+- [下载最新的通用二进制包](https://dev.mysql.com/downloads/shell/)，解压
+    ```bash
+    tar zxf mysql-shell-8.4.9-linux-glibc2.28-x86-64bit.tar.gz
+    mv mysql-shell-8.4.9-linux-glibc2.28-x86-64git /opt/mysql-shell
+    ```
+
+### 创建备份用户
+- 创建备份用户
+    ```sql
+    CREATE USER shell@'%' IDENTIFIED BY 'Shell_1234';
+    GRANT PROCESS, RELOAD, LOCK TABLES ON *.* TO shell@localhost;
+    ```
+
+### 备份命令
+- 简化 msyql-shell 命令
+    ```bash
+    export MYSQLSH="/opt/mysql-shell -h 'mysql-ip' -P 3306 -u shell -p 'Shell_1234'"
+    # 替换其中的 'mysql-ip'
+    ```
+
+- 备份实例
+    ```bash
+    $MYSQLSH -e 'util.dumpInstance("/data/backup/full", {compression: "zstd"})'
+    # includeSchemas/excludeSchemas: ["db1", "db2"], 指定/忽略备份某些库
+    # includeTables/excludeTables: ["db1.tb1", "db2.tb2"], 指定/忽略备份某些库
+    # routines/users/triggers: true, 备份函数和存储过程/账号/触发器
+    ```
+
+- 备份指定库
+    ```bash
+    $MYSQLSH -e 'util.dumpInstance("/data/backup/dbs", {includeSchemas: ["db1", "db2"]})'
+    # 或
+    $MYSQLSH -e 'util.dumpSchemas(["db1", "db2"], "/data/backup/dbs")'
+    ```
+
+- 备份指定表
+    ```bash
+    $MYSQLSH -e 'util.dumpInstance("/data/backup/tbs", {includeTables: ["db1.tb1", "db2.tb2"]})'
+    # 或
+    $MYSQLSH -e 'util.dumpTables("db1", ["tb1", "tb2"], "/data/backup/db1_tbs")'
+    ```
+
+- 导入数据，建议在服务器本地导入
+    ```bash
+    # 开启 local_infile
+    mysql -S /tmp/mysql.sock -uroot -p -e "set global LOCLA_INFILE=ON"
+
+    /opt/mysql-shell/bin/mysqlsh -S /tmp/mysql.sock \
+        -e 'util.loadDump("/data/backup/xxxx", {loadUsers: true})'
+    # loadUsers: true, 导入账号
+    ```
+
+## 参考
+- https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/RC6MykrGbZ850xh3AOjrtw
+- https://swmlee.com/2020/06/18/technicalessays/mariadbseries/08mariadb-dump-backup/
+
diff --git a/content/post/xtrabackup.md b/content/post/xtrabackup.md
deleted file mode 100644
index b87acc4..0000000
--- a/content/post/xtrabackup.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,87 +0,0 @@
----
-title: "Xtrabackup 笔记"
-date: 2019-10-30T00:54:15+08:00
-lastmod: 2019-10-30T00:54:15+08:00
-tags: ["xtrabackup", "备份", "mysql"]
-categories: ["database"]
----
-
-## 环境
-- CentOS7
-- MySQL 5.27.22
-- XtraBackup 2.4
-
-## 安装
-- 创建 percona.repo 文件，内容如下
-    ```ini
-    [percona-release-x86_64]
-    name = Percona Original release/x86_64 YUM repository
-    #baseurl = http://repo.percona.com/percona/yum/release/$releasever/RPMS/x86_64
-    baseurl = https://mirrors.cloud.tencent.com/percona/percona/yum/release/$releasever/RPMS/x86_64
-    enabled = 1
-    gpgcheck = 0
-    gpgkey = file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/PERCONA-PACKAGING-KEY
-    [percona-release-noarch]
-    name = Percona Original release/noarch YUM repository
-    #baseurl = http://repo.percona.com/percona/yum/release/$releasever/RPMS/noarch
-    baseurl = https://mirrors.cloud.tencent.com/percona/percona/yum/release/$releasever/RPMS/noarch
-    enabled = 1
-    gpgcheck = 0
-    gpgkey = file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/PERCONA-PACKAGING-KEY
-    [percona-release-sources]
-    name = Percona Original release/sources YUM repository
-    #baseurl = http://repo.percona.com/percona/yum/release/$releasever/SRPMS
-    baseurl = https://mirrors.cloud.tencent.com/percona/percona/yum/release/$releasever/SRPMS
-    enabled = 0
-    gpgcheck = 0
-    gpgkey = file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/PERCONA-PACKAGING-KEY
-    ```
-- 安装
-    ```bash
-    yum clean all
-    yum makecache fast
-    yum install percona-xtrabackup-24
-    ```
-
-## 创建数据库备份用户
-```sql
-create user percona@localhost identified by '123456';
-grant reload, lock tables, process, replication client on *.* to percona@localhost;
-flush privileges;
-```
-
-## 全量备份
-- 按天创建全量备份目录
-    ```bash
-    xtrabackup --backup --rsync --parallel=4 --user=percona --password=123456 \
-        --target-dir=/backup/$(date +mysql.%Y%m%d)
-    # --databases='db1 db2.t3', 只导出 db1 数据库和 db2 中的 t3 表
-    # --databases-exclude='db4 db5.t6', 不导出 db4 数据库和 db5 中的 t6 表，优先级高于 --database
-    # --databases-file=/path/to/filename, 指定包含要备份的数据库的文件名，每行一个 db 或者 db.tb
-    # --tables='db1.t2 db3.t4', 只导出 db1 中的 t2 表和 db3 中的 t4 表
-    # --tables-exclude='db5.t6 db7.t8', 不导出 db5 数据库的 t6 表和 db7 的 t8 表
-    # --tables-file=/path/to/filename, 指定包含要备份的数据表的文件名，每行一个 db.tb
-    # --safe-slave-backup, 备份前刷新 slave 临时表，安全退出 slave sql 线程
-    # --slave-info 记录 slave 读取的 master binlog 的位置
-    # NFS 挂载时，需使用 sync 模式
-    # 保留最近 3 天的全量备份
-    ls -d mysql.* | head -n -3 | xargs rm -rf
-    ```
-
-## 恢复数据
-- 准备一个 xtrabackup 备份目录
-    ```bash
-    xtrabackup --prepare --use-memory=2G --target-dir=/backup/20190711
-    # --use-memory=2G 允许使用 2G 内存用于 prepare 数据，默认 100M
-    ```
-- 停止 mysql 服务，移除数据目录
-    ```bash
-    systemctl stop mysqld
-    cd /var/lib && [ -d mysql ] && mv mysql mysql_origin
-    ```
-- 恢复 mysql 数据
-    ```bash
-    xtrabackup --copy-back --rsync --parallel=4 --target-dir=/backup/20190711
-    chown -R mysql.mysql /var/lib/mysql
-    ```
-