--- title: "Nginx 笔记" date: 2019-10-30T11:47:55+08:00 lastmod: 2019-10-30T11:47:55+08:00 tags: ["nginx", "https", "ssl", "反向代理"] categories: ["web"] --- # set - set ${变量名} {字符串}; # 全局变量 - $args $query_string 请求行中的参数 - $content_length 请求头里的 Content-length 字段 - $content_type 请求头里的 Content-type 字段 - $document_root 请求在 root 指令中指定的值 - $host 请求头里的 Host 字段，如果没有则是服务器名 - $http_user_agent 客户端agent信息 - $http_cookie 客户端cookie信息 - $limit_rate 这个变量可以限制连接速率 - $request_method 客户端请求的动作，通常为GET或POST - $remote_addr 客户端的IP地址 - $remote_port 客户端的端口 - $remote_user 已经经过 Auth Basic Module 验证的用户名 - $request_filename 请求的文件路径，由 root 或 alias 指令与 URI 请求生成 - $scheme http 或者 https - $server_protocol 请求使用的协议 HTTP/1.0 或 HTTP/1.1 - $server_addr 服务器地址，在完成一次系统调用后可以确定这个值 - $server_name 服务器名称 - $server_port 请求到达服务器的端口号 - $request_uri 包含请求参数的原始URI，不包含主机名，如"/foo/bar.php?arg=baz" - $document_uri $uri 不带请求参数的当前URI，不包含主机名，如"/foo/bar.html" # rewrite - rewrite {url正则} {replacement} {flag}; - flag - last 完成 rewrite，重新开始匹配 - break 重写后不再匹配后续 rewrite - redirect 返回 302 临时重定向 - permanent 返回 301 永久重定向 # if - if(condition){...} - false 字符串为空或以 0 开头都是 - = != 变量比较 - ~ !~ 区分大小写正则是否匹配 - ~* !~* 不区分大小写是否匹配 - -f !-f 判断文件是否存在 - -d !-d 判断目录是否存在 - -e !-e 判断文件、目录、链接是否存在 - -x !-x 判断可执行文件是否存在 # location - = 精确匹配 - ^~ 开头匹配指定字符串，不是正则，匹配符合后停止搜索 - ~ 区分大小写的正则匹配，匹配符合后继续向下搜索 - ~`*` 不区分大小写的正则匹配，匹配符合后继续向下搜索 - / 通用匹配，可匹配任何请求，匹配后继续向下搜索 # try_files - try_files {file} ... {uri} - try_files {file} ... ={code} - try_files {file} ... {location_name} # 客户端访问控制 - deny all 拒绝全部访问 - deny 192.168.1.0/24 拒绝指定网段 - deny 192.168.1.2 拒绝指定ip - allow all 允许全部访问（默认） - allow 192.168.1.0/24 允许指定网段 - allow 192.168.1.2 允许指定ip # 配置 web 访问目录 ```bash location / { root /var/www/html/; index index.html index.htm; try_files $uri $uri/ /index.html =404; } ``` # 下载 ```nginx location ^~ /attachment/ { root /data/; # alias /data/attachment/; add_header Content-Disposition: 'attachment;'; } ``` # 浏览目录文件 ```nginx location ^~ /share/ { autoindex on; autoindex_exact_size off; autoindex_localtime on; } ``` # 反向代理负载均衡 - /etc/nginx/conf.d/upstream.conf ```nginx http { upstream tomcat { #ip_hash; server 192.168.1.201:8443 fail_timeout=32s; server 192.168.1.202:8443 fail_timeout=32s; server 192.168.1.203:8443 backup fail_timeout=32s; keepalive 300; } ``` - /etc/nginx/conf.d/80.conf ```nginx server { listen 80; server_name _; location ^~ /webapp/ { proxy_pass http://tomcat; proxy_set_header Host $host:$server_port; proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr; proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for; #proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-Host $host; #proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-Server $host; client_max_body_size 8m; client_body_buffer_size 8m; proxy_connect_timeout 2s; #proxy_send_timeout 16; #proxy_read_timeout 16; proxy_buffer_size 64k; proxy_buffers 4 64k; proxy_busy_buffers_size 128k; #proxy_max_temp_file_size 0; #add_header 'Access-Control-Allow-Origin' *; } } } ``` # 反向代理 websocket ```nginx location /websocket/ { proxy_pass http://127.0.0.1:8002; proxy_http_version 1.1; proxy_set_header Upgrade $http_upgrade; proxy_set_header Connection "upgrade"; } ``` # Basic HTTP 认证 - 生成密码文件(用户名是admin，密码是123456) ```bash echo "admin:$(openssl passwd -crypt 123456)" > /etc/nginx/nginx.auth #或者 htpasswd -c -m /mnt/vdb1/svnrepos/accesspwd gxfp #根据提示输入密码 ``` - 修改 nginx 配置，http、server 和 location 都可以 ```nginx location / { auth_basic "Kibana"; auth_basic_user_file /etc/nginx/nginx.auth; } ``` # 创建 ssl 密钥 ```bash mkdir /etc/nginx/ssl && cd /etc/nginx/ssl openssl genrsa -out ssl.key 2048 openssl req -new -key ssl.key -days 3650 -out ssl.csr openssl x509 -req -in ssl.csr -signkey ssl.key -out ssl.crt ``` # https 访问 ```nginx server { ssl on; listen 443 ssl; server_name www.domain.com; ssl_certificate /etc/nginx/ssl/ssl.crt; ssl_certificate_key /etc/nginx/ssl/ssl.key; ssl_session_timeout 5m; ssl_ciphers ECDHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256:ECDHE:ECDH:AES:HIGH:!NULL:!aNULL:!MD5:!ADH:!RC4; ssl_protocols TLSv1 TLSv1.1 TLSv1.2; ssl_prefer_server_ciphers on; } ``` # http 自动跳转 https，有三种配置 - rewrite 服务端重定向 ```nginx server { listen 80; server_name www.domain.com; rewrite ^(.*) https://$server_name$1 permanent; } ``` - return 客户端重定向 ```nginx server { listen 80; server_name www.domain.com; return 301 https://$server_name$request_uri; } ``` - error_page 客户端重定向 ```nginx server { ssl on; listen 80; listen 443 ssl; server_name www.domain.com; ssl_certificate /etc/nginx/ssl/ssl.crt; ssl_certificate_key /etc/nginx/ssl/ssl.key; ssl_session_timeout 5m; ssl_ciphers ECDHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256:ECDHE:ECDH:AES:HIGH:!NULL:!aNULL:!MD5:!ADH:!RC4; ssl_protocols TLSv1 TLSv1.1 TLSv1.2; ssl_prefer_server_ciphers on; error_page 497 https://$server_name$request_uri; } ``` # http 和 https 共存 ```nginx server { listen 80; listen 443 ssl; server_name www.domain.com; ssl_certificate /etc/nginx/ssl/ssl.crt; ssl_certificate_key /etc/nginx/ssl/ssl.key; ssl_session_timeout 5m; ssl_ciphers ECDHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256:ECDHE:ECDH:AES:HIGH:!NULL:!aNULL:!MD5:!ADH:!RC4; ssl_protocols TLSv1 TLSv1.1 TLSv1.2; ssl_prefer_server_ciphers on; } ``` # nginx 日志配置 - http 常规日志 ``` log_format main '$remote_addr - [$time_local] "$request_method $uri" "$args" ' '"-" $status $body_bytes_sent "$http_referer" ' '"$http_user_agent" "$http_x_forwarded_for"'; ``` - http 登陆日志，打印 post 请求体 ``` log_format login '$remote_addr - [$time_local] "$request_method $uri" "$args" ' '"$request_body" $status $body_bytes_sent "$http_referer" ' '"$http_user_agent" "$http_x_forwarded_for"'; ``` - https 常规日志，从 http_x_forwoarded_for 中获取请求源地址 ``` log_format smain '$http_x_forwarded_for - [$time_local] "$request_method $uri" "$args" ' '"-" $status $body_bytes_sent "$http_referer" ' '"$http_user_agent" "-"'; ``` - https 登陆日志，从 http_x_forwoarded_for 中获取请求源地址，并打印 post 请求体 ``` log_format slogin '$http_x_forwarded_for - [$time_local] "$request_method $uri" "$args" ' '"$request_body" $status $body_bytes_sent "$http_referer" ' '"$http_user_agent" "-"'; ``` # 常用全局配置 ```nginx events { use epoll; multi_accept on; worker_connections 10240; } http { access_log /var/log/nginx/access.log main; gzip on; sendfile on; tcp_nopush on; tcp_nodelay off; server_tokens off; keepalive_timeout 65; types_hash_max_size 2048; } ```