497 lines
14 KiB
Markdown
497 lines
14 KiB
Markdown
---
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title: "Oracle 基础"
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date: 2019-10-30T11:55:46+08:00
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lastmod: 2019-10-30T11:55:46+08:00
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tags: ["oracle"]
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categories: ["database"]
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---
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## 字符型
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类型 | 大小 | 描述
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---- | ---- | ----
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varchar2 | 0~4000 | 可变长度字符串
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nvarchar2 | 0~1000 | Unicode字符串的可变长字符型数据
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char | 0~2000 | 定长字符型数据
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nchar | 0~1000 | Unicode字符集定长字符型数据
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long | 0~2GB | 变长字符串
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## 数字型
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类型 | 进制 | 描述
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---- | ---- | ----
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number(p,s) | 十进制 | p最大精度38位，s小数位数
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float | 二进制 | 126位整数
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## 日期
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类型 | 大小 | 描述
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---- | ---- | ----
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date | 公元前4712-1-1~9999-12-31 | 存储日期和时间
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timestamp | 公元前4712-1-1~9999-12-31 | 精确到小数秒，显示上下午
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## 其他数据类型
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类型 | 大小 | 描述
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---- | ---- | ----
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blob | 4GB | 二进制
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clob | 4GB | 字符串
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bfile | 视操作系统 | 存储非结构化数据到数据库外的文件中
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## 创建表
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```sql
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CREATE TABLE table_name
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(
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column_name datatype [NULL|NOT NULL],
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...,
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PRIMARY KEY(),
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CONSTRAINT table_name constraint_name FOREIGN KEY (column_name) REFERENCE table_name(column_name) ON DELETE CASCADE,
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CONSTRAINT constraint_name CHECK(condition),
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CONSTRAINT constraint_name UNIQUE(column_name)
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)
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|AS SELECT column_name1,column_name2,...FROM source_table;
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DROP TABLE table_name;
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```
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## 删除表
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```bash
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DROP TABLE table_name;
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# 执行最快，删除数据、结构、索引、约束、触发器和索引，存储过程和索引invalid状态，直接生效，不可回滚，不释放空间
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TRUNCATE TABLE table_name;
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# 执行较快，只删除数据，直接生效，不可回滚，释放空间
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DELETE FROM table_name [WHERE condition];
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# 执行最慢，只删除数据，commit 后生效，可回滚，不释放空间
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```
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## 操作表列
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```sql
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ALTER TABLE table_name
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ADD column_name datatype [NULL|NOT NULL]
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|MODIFY column_name new_datatype|NULL|NOT NULL
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|DROP COLUMN column_name;
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-- 删除列时通常追加 CASCADE CONSTRAINTS ，以删除于该列有关的约束
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```
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## 操作主键
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```sql
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ALTER TABLE table_name
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ADD CONSTRAINTS constraint_name PRIMARY KEY(column_name)
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|DROP CONSTRAINTS constraint_name;
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```
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## 操作外键
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```sql
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ALTER TABLE table_name
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ADD CONSTRAINT constraint_name FOREIGN KEY(column_name) REFERENCE table_name(column_name) ON DELETE CASCADE
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|DROP CONSTRAINT constraint_name;
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```
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## 操作CHECK约束
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```sql
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ALTER TABLE table_name
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ADD CONSTRAINT constraint_name CHECK(condition)
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|DROP CONSTRAINT constraint_name;
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```
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## 操作UNIQUE约束
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```sql
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ALTER TABLE table_name
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ADD CONSTRAINT constraint_name UNIQUE(column_name)
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|DROP CONSTRAINT constraint_name;
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```
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## 添加数据
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```sql
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INSERT INTO table_name(column_name1,column_name2,...)
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VALUES(data1,data2,...)
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|SELECT column_name1,column_name2...FROM table_name2;
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```
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## 修改数据
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```sql
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UPDATE table_name SET column_name1=data1,column_name2=data2,...[WHERE condition];
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```
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## 删除数据
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```sql
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DELETE FROM table_name [WHERE condition];
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TRUNCATE TABLE table_name;
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```
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## 查询数据
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```sql
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SELECT column_name1,column_name2,...FROM table_name [WHERE condition];
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```
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## MERGE语句
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```sql
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MERGE INTO table_name1 USING table_name2 ON(condition) WHEN MATCHED THEN ... WHEN NOT MATCHED THEN ...;
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```
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## SELECT 语句
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```sql
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SELECT [DISTINCT|ALL] select_list FROM table_list [WHERE ...] [GROUP BY ...] [HAVING ...] [ORDER BY ...];
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```
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## select_list
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```sql
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*|[schema.] {table|view} .*|expr[ [AS ]c_alias]
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```
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## expr
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```sql
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"||" 连接的字符串 | 函数
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```
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## ORDER BY ...
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```sql
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{expr|positon|c_alias} {ASC|DESC} {NULLS FIRST|NULLS LAST}[ {expr|positon|c_alias} {ASC|DESC} {NULLS FIRST|NULLS LAST},...]
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```
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## 模糊查询关键字like
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```sql
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'_'替代一个字符，'%'替代多个字符
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```
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## 从给定值中选取查询
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```sql
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IN(data1,data2,...)
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```
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## 连接
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```sql
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-- 连接，只能查询匹配记录
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SELECT select_list FROM table_name1 INNER JOIN table_name2 ON condition;
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-- 左外连接
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SELECT select_list FROM table_name1 LEFT JOIN table_name2 ON condition;
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-- 右外连接
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SELECT select_list FROM table_name1 RIGHT JOIN table_name2 ON condition;
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-- 全外连接
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SELECT select_list FROM table_name1 FULL JOIN table_name2 ON condition;
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```
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## 内置函数
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```sql
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ABS(n) -- n绝对值
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MOD(n2,n1) -- n2对n1取余
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SIGN(n) -- n的符号
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CEIL(n) -- 大于等于n的最小整数
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FLOOR(n) -- 小于等于n的最大整数
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SQRT(n) -- n的平方根
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POWER(n2,n1) -- n2的n1次幂
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EXP(n) -- e的n次幂
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LOG(n1,n2) -- n1为底n2的对数
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LN(n) -- n的自然对数
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ROUND(n2,n1) -- n2小数部分四舍五入至n1位
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TRUNC(n2,n1) -- n2截取至n1位
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CHR(n) -- 把n根据ASCII转换成字符
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ASCII(char) -- 参数首字母的ASCII值
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LENGTH(char) -- 字符串长度
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SUBSTR(char,position[,substring_length]) -- 截取字符串
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CONCAT(char1,char2) -- 连接字符串
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INSTR(string,substring[,position[,occurrence]]) -- 查找字符串
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UPPER(char) -- 转换成大写
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LOWER(char) -- 转换成小些
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INITCAP(char) -- 单词首字母大写
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NLSSORT(char[,nslparam]) -- 按指定方式排序'NLS_SORT=SCHINESE_PINYIN_M'
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REPLACE(char,search_string[,replacement_string]) -- 字符串替换，默认删除
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RPAD(expr1,n[,expr2]) -- 用expr2右填充expr1至长度为n，默认空格
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LPAD(expr1,n[,expr2]) -- 用expr2左填充expr1至长度为n，默认空格
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TRIM([LEADING|TRAILING|BOTH] [trim_character FROM] trim_source) -- 删除字符串首尾指定字符
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SYSDATE -- 获取系统当前日期
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SYSTIMESTAMP -- 获取系统当前时间
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DBTIMEZONE -- 获取数据库当前时区
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ADD_MONTHS(date,integer) -- 指定日期增加指定月份数
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SESSIONTIMEZONE -- 获取当前会话的时区
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LAST_DAY(date) -- 获取指定日期对应月份的最后一天
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NEXT_DAY(date,char) -- 获取下周char的日期
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CURRENT_DATE -- 获取会话时区的当前日期
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EXTRACT(datetime) -- 从指定时间中获取指定部分
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MONTHS_BETWEEN(date1,date2) -- 获取两个时间之间的月份数
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NET_TIME(date,timezone1,timezone2) -- 获取时区1中的时间转换到时区2后的时间
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TO_CHAR(n[,fmt]) -- 转换为字符类型
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TO_DATE(n[,fmt]) -- 转换为时间类型
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TO_NUMBER(n[,fmt]) -- 转换为数字类型
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LNNVL(condition) -- 排除指定条件函数
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NVL(expr1,expr2) -- expr1为空时返回expr2
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NVL2(expr1,expr2,expr3) -- expr1为空时返回expr3，不为空返回expr2
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AVG([DISTINCT|ALL ]expr) -- 获取平均值
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COUNT(*|[DISTINCT|ALL ]expr) -- 获取数量
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SUM([DISTINCT|ALL ]expr) -- 获取和
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SELECT USER FROM DUAL; -- 返回当前会话的登录名
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USERENV(param) -- 返回当前会话的信息
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SYS_CONTEXT(namespace,param) -- 返回oracle已创建的context
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DECODE(expr,search,result[,search1,result1...]) -- expr结果是search返回result
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```
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## 查看所有默认表空间
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```sql
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SELECT TABLESPACE_NAME FROM DBA_TABLESPACES;
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```
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## 查看指定用户默认表空间
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```sql
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SELECT DEFAULT_STAPCE,USERNAME FROM DBA_USERS WHERE USERNAME='username';
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```
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## 创建表空间
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```sql
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CREATE TABLESPACE tablespace_name
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DATAFILE filename
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SIZE size
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[AUTOEXTEND [ON NEXT size|OFF]]
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[MAXSIZE size]
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[PERMANENT|TEMPORARY] 永久/临时表空间，默认永久
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[EXTENT MANAGEMENT [DICTIONARY|LOCAL 字典/本地管理方式，默认本地
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[AUTOALLOCATE|UNIFORM. [SIZE integer[K|M]]]];
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```
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## 重命名表空间
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```sql
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ALTER TABLESPACE oldname RENAME TO newname;
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```
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## 修改表空间大小
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```sql
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ALTER DATABASE DATAFILE filename RESIZE size;
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```
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## 增加表空间大小
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```sql
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ALTER TABLESPACE tablespace_name ADD DATAFILE filename SIZE size;
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```
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## 设置表空间读写状态
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```sql
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ALTER TABLESPACE tablespace_name READ {ONLY|WRITE};
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```
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## 设置表空间可用状态
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```sql
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ALTER TABLESPACE tablespace_name {ONLINE|OFFLINE [NORMAL|TEMPORARY|IMMEDIATE]};
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```
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## 创建大文件表空间
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```sql
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CREATE BIGFILE TABLESPACE tablespace_name DATAFILE filename SIZE size;
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```
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## 删除表空间
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```sql
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DROP TABLESPACE tablespace_name
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[INCLUDING CONTENTS AND DATAFILES] 数据文件删除
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[CASCADE CONSTRAINTS]; 完整性删除
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```
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## 查看表空间大小
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```sql
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SELECT TABLESPACE_NAME,FILE_NAME,BYTES FROM DBA_DATA_FILES WHERE TABLESPACE_NAME=tablespace_name;
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```
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## 查看表空间剩余 空间
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```sql
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SELECT TABLESPACE_NAME,BYTES FROM DBA_FREE_SPACES;
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```
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## 创建/修改用户
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```sql
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CREATE|ALTER
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USER user_name
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IDENTIFIED BY password
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[DEFAULT TABLESPACE tablespace_name ]
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[QUOTA size|UNLIMITED ON tablespace_name ] 用户使用表空间的最大值
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[PROFILE profile ] 概要文件
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[PASSWORD EXPIRE ] 用户密码过期
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[ACCOUNT LOCK|UNLOCK]; 默认锁定状态
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```
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## 删除用户
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```sql
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DROP USER user_name CASCADE;
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```
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## 授予系统权限
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```sql
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GRANT
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system_privileges|ALL PRIVILEGES 权限
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TO {user IDENTIFIED BY password|role } 用户/角色
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[WITH ADMIN OPTION]; 授予其他用户或角色系统权限
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```
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## 授予对象权限
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```sql
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GRANT
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object_privilege|ALL 权限
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ON schema.object 对象
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TO user_name|role_name 用户/角色
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[WITH ADMIN OPTION ] 授予其他用户或角色系统权限
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[WITH THE GRANT ANY OBJECT]; 授予其他用户或角色对象权限
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```
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## 撤销系统权限
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```sql
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REVOKE system_privilege FROM
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user|role;
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```
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## 撤销对象权限
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```sql
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REVOKE
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object_privilege |ALL
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ON schema.object FROM
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user_name|role_name
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[CASCADE CONSTRAINTS];
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```
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## 数据字典
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数据 | 字典
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---- | ----
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系统权限 | DBA_SYS_PRIVS
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对象权限 | DBA_TAB_PRIVS
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用户角色 | DBA_ROLE_PRIVS
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## 创建角色
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```sql
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CREATE|ALTER //创建/修改
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ROLE role_name
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[NOT IDENTIFIED|IDENDIFIED BY [password]];
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GRANT //填充权限
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system_privilege|ALL PRIVILEGES
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TO role_name
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[WITH ADMIN OPTION];
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-- 角色创建完成后不能直接使用，需将角色赋予用户才能使用
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GRANT role_name TO user_name;
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SET ROLE role_name -- 设置角色生效
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SET ROLE ALL -- 设置所有角色生效
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SET ROLE ALL EXCEPT role_name -- 设置只有role_name失效
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SET ROLE NONE -- 设置所有角色失效
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```
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## 删除角色
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```sql
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DROP ROLE role_name;
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```
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## 脱机备份（冷备份）/恢复
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```sql
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关闭数据库服务后直接复制需要的文件，包括数据文件和控制文件
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```
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## 联机备份（热备份）
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```sql
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ARCHIVE LOG LIST 查看本机数据库的日志状态
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ALTER SYSTEM SET LOG_ARCHIVE_START=TRUE SCOPE=SPFILE; 设置日志模式为归档
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SHUTDOWN IMMEDIATE; 关闭数据库
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STARTUP MOUNT; 启动mount实例
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ALTER DATABASE ARCHIVELOG; 更改数据库为归档日志模式
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ALTER DATABASE OPEN; 更改数据库状态为打开模式
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ALTER TABLESPACE tablespace_name BEGIN BACKUP; 开始备份数据库
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复制文件到其他目录
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ALTER TABLESPACE tablespace_name END BACKUP; 结束备份操作
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```
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## 恢复
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```sql
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ALTER SYSTEM ARCHIVE LOG CURRENT; 归档当前日志
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ALTER SYSTEM SWITCH LOGFILE; 切换日志文件
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SELECT * FROM v$RECOVER_FILE 获取文件编号
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ALTER DATABASE DATAFILE file_id OFFLINE DROP; 把要恢复的数据文件脱机
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ALTER DATABASE OPEN; 更改数据库状态为打开模式
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RECOVER DATAFILE file_id; 恢复数据文件
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ALTER DATABASE DATAFILE file_id ONLINE; 设置数据文件联机
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```
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## EXP工具导出数据
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```bash
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exp db_user/password 登陆数据库的用户名和密码，非SYS
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```
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## EXP工具直接导出表
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```bash
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exp db_user/password file="filename.dmp" tables="table_name,..."
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```
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## EXP工具导出表空间
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```bash
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exp db_user/password file="filename.dmp" tablespaces="tablespaces_name"
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```
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## EXPDP导出数据
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```sql
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CREATE DIRECTORY directory_name AS 'file_name'; 目录名称 文件名称
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GRANT READ,WRITE ON DIRECTORY directory_name TO db_user; 授权用户使用该目录
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#expdp db_user/password directory=directory_name dumpfile=file_name tables=table_name;
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```
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## IMP导入数据
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```sql
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imp db_user/password
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```
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## IMP直接导入表
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```sql
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imp db_user/password file="filename.dmp" tables="table_name,..."
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```
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## IMPDP导入数据
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```sql
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impdp db_user_password
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```
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## IMPDP直接导入表
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```bash
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impdp db_user/password directory=dir dumpfile=filename.dmp tables=table_name;
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```
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## RMAN工具配置
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```sql
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CONN /AS SYSDBA; 连接恢复目录数据库
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CREATE USER rman_user IDENTIFIED BY password DEFAULT TABLESPACE tablespace_name; 创建恢复用户
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GRANT RECOVERY_CATALOG_OWNER TO rman_user; 为新创建的用户授权
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#rman
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CONN CATALOG rman_user/password; 连接新创建的用户
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CREATE CATALOG; 创建恢复目录
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```
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## RMAN工具使用
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```sql
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#rman target db_user/password@servicename catalog rman_user/password 连接恢复目录数据库
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CONNECT TARGET db_user/password@servicename; 连接目标数据库
|
||
CONNECT CATALOG rman_user/password@servicename; 连接恢复目录数据库
|
||
REGISTER database; 在恢复目录数据库中注册数据库
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
## 手动分配通道
|
||
```sql
|
||
关闭目标数据库，启动到mount状态，运行：
|
||
run
|
||
{
|
||
ALLOCATE CHANNEL channel_name1 DEVICE TYPE {sbt|disk};
|
||
...
|
||
BACKUP [level] [backup type] [option]
|
||
}
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
## 自动分配通道
|
||
```sql
|
||
CONFIGURE DEVICE TYPE {sbt|disk} PARALLELISM n; 指定通道类型和名称
|
||
CONFIGURE DEFAULT DEVICE TYPE {sbt|disk}; 指定默认设备类型
|
||
BACKUP [level] [backup type] [option];
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
## BACKUP 参数
|
||
```sql
|
||
level 备份增量，1、2、3、4或者FULL（全备份）
|
||
backup type 对象类型，database、datafile、tablespace、controlfilecopy、archivelog all
|
||
option channel备份使用的通道 maxsetsize定义备份集的最大值
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
## RESTORE还原
|
||
```sql
|
||
RESTORE database_object;
|
||
database_object: DATABASE(mount),TABLESPACE(open),DATAFILE,CONTROLFILE(mount),ARCHIVELOG,SPFILE(mount)
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
## RECOVER同步恢复
|
||
```sql
|
||
RECOVER database_object;
|
||
database_object: DATABASE(mount),TABLESPACE(open),DATAFILE
|
||
```
|
||
|