www.colben.cn/content/post/mysql-backup.md

---
title: "mysql/mariadb 备份"
date: 2019-10-30T00:54:15+08:00
lastmod: 2026-04-21T19:52:00+08:00
tags: ["xtrabackup", "mariabackup", "mysql-shell", "备份", "mysql", "mariadb"]
categories: ["database"]
---

## xtrabackup
### 环境
- mysql 8.4
- rockylinux 9.6

### 安装
- [下载与操作系统和 mysql 版本对应的通用二进制包](https://www.percona.com/downloads/)，解压
    ```bash
    tar zxf percona-xtrabackup-8.4.0-5-Linux-x86_64.glibc2.34-minimal.tar.gz
    mv percona-xtrabackup-8.4.0-5-Linux-x86_64.glibc2.34-minimal /opt/pxb
    ```

### 创建备份用户和目录
- **备份目录如果是 nfs，挂载时需指定 sync 选项**
- 创建备份用户
    ```sql
    CREATE USER xb@localhost IDENTIFIED BY 'Xtrabackup_1234';
    GRANT BACKUP_ADMIN, PROCESS, RELOAD, LOCK TABLES, REPLICATION CLIENT ON *.* TO xb@localhost;
    GRANT SELECT ON performance_schema.log_status TO xb@localhost;
    GRANT SELECT ON performance_schema.keyring_component_status TO xb@localhost;
    GRANT SELECT ON performance_schema.replication_group_members TO xb@localhost;
    ```

### 全量备份和恢复
- 备份
    ```bash
    /opt/pxb/bin/xtrabackup --backup --target-dir=/backup/ \
        --user=xb --password=Xtrabackup_1234
    ```

- 准备
    ```bash
    /opt/pxb/bin/xtrabackup --prepare --target-dir=/backup/
    ```

- 恢复，**提前停止 mysql**
    ```bash
    /opt/pxb/bin/xtrabackup --move-back --target-dir=/backup/
    chown -R mysql:mysql /var/lib/mysql
    ```

### 增量备份和恢复
- 先全量备份一次
    ```bash
    /opt/pxb/bin/xtrabackup --backup --target-dir=/backup/full \
        --user=xb --password=Xtrabackup_1234
    ```

- 创建增量备份
    ```bash
    /opt/pxb/bin/xtrabackup --backup --target-dir=/backup/incre \
        --incremental-basedir=/backup/full \
        --user=xb --password=Xtrabackup_1234
    ```

- 准备全量备份，**注意这里指定"--apply-log-only"避免事务回滚**
    ```bash
    /opt/pxb/bin/xtrabackup --prepare --apply-log-only --target-dir=/backup/full
    ```

- 准备增量备份，**准备最后一个增量备份无需指定"--apply-log-only"**
    ```bash
    /opt/pxb/bin/xtrabackup --prepare --target-dir=/backup/full \
        --incremental-dir=/data/backups/incre
    ```

- 恢复，**提前停止 mysql**
    ```bash
    /opt/pxb/bin/xtrabackup --move-back --target-dir=/backup/full
    chown -R mysql:mysql /var/lib/mysql
    ```

---

## mariabackup
### 环境
- mariadb 10.3
- rockylinux 8.10

### 安装
```bash
dnf install mariadb-backup
```

### 创建备份用户
```sql
CREATE USER backup@localhost IDENTIFIED BY 'Backup_1234';
GRANT SELECT, RELOAD, PROCESS, REPLICATION CLIENT ON *.* TO backup@localhost;
```

### 全量备份和恢复
- 备份
    ```bash
    mariabackup --backup --target-dir=/backup/ \
        --user=backup --password=Backup_1234
    ```

- 准备
    ```bash
    mariabackup --prepare --target-dir=/backup/
    ```

- 恢复，**提前停止 mariadb**
    ```bash
    mariabackup --move-back --target-dir=/backup/
    chown -R mysql:mysql /var/lib/mysql
    ```

### 增量备份和恢复
- 先全量备份一次
    ```bash
    mariabackup --backup --target-dir=/backup/full \
        --user=backup --password=Backup_1234
    ```

- 创建增量备份
    ```bash
    mariabackup --backup --target-dir=/backup/incre \
        --incremental-basedir=/backup/full \
        --user=backup --password=Backup_1234
    ```

- 准备全量备份
    ```bash
    mariabackup --prepare --target-dir=/backup/full
    ```

- 准备增量备份
    ```bash
    mariabackup --prepare --target-dir=/backup/full \
        --incremental-dir=/data/backups/incre
    ```

- 恢复，**提前停止 mariadb**
    ```bash
    /opt/pxb/bin/xtrabackup --move-back --target-dir=/backup/full
    chown -R mysql:mysql /var/lib/mysql
    ```

---

## mysqlsh
### 环境
- mysql 8.4
- rockylinux 9.6

### 安装
- [下载最新的通用二进制包](https://dev.mysql.com/downloads/shell/)，解压
    ```bash
    tar zxf mysql-shell-8.4.9-linux-glibc2.28-x86-64bit.tar.gz
    mv mysql-shell-8.4.9-linux-glibc2.28-x86-64git /opt/mysql-shell
    ```

### 创建备份用户
```sql
CREATE USER shell@'%' IDENTIFIED BY 'Shell_1234';
GRANT PROCESS, RELOAD, LOCK TABLES ON *.* TO shell@localhost;
```

### 备份命令
- 简化 msyql-shell 命令
    ```bash
    export MYSQLSH="/opt/mysql-shell -h 'mysql-ip' -P 3306 -u shell -p 'Shell_1234'"
    # 替换其中的 'mysql-ip'
    ```

- 备份实例
    ```bash
    $MYSQLSH -e 'util.dumpInstance("/data/backup/full", {compression: "zstd"})'
    # includeSchemas/excludeSchemas: ["db1", "db2"], 指定/忽略备份某些库
    # includeTables/excludeTables: ["db1.tb1", "db2.tb2"], 指定/忽略备份某些库
    # routines/users/triggers: true, 备份函数和存储过程/账号/触发器
    ```

- 备份指定库
    ```bash
    $MYSQLSH -e 'util.dumpInstance("/data/backup/dbs", {includeSchemas: ["db1", "db2"]})'
    # 或
    $MYSQLSH -e 'util.dumpSchemas(["db1", "db2"], "/data/backup/dbs")'
    ```

- 备份指定表
    ```bash
    $MYSQLSH -e 'util.dumpInstance("/data/backup/tbs", {includeTables: ["db1.tb1", "db2.tb2"]})'
    # 或
    $MYSQLSH -e 'util.dumpTables("db1", ["tb1", "tb2"], "/data/backup/db1_tbs")'
    ```

- 导入数据，建议在服务器本地导入
    ```bash
    # 开启 local_infile
    mysql -S /tmp/mysql.sock -uroot -p -e "set global LOCLA_INFILE=ON"

    /opt/mysql-shell/bin/mysqlsh -S /tmp/mysql.sock \
        -e 'util.loadDump("/data/backup/xxxx", {loadUsers: true})'
    # loadUsers: true, 导入账号
    ```

## 参考
- https://docs.percona.com/percona-xtrabackup/8.4/index.html
- https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/RC6MykrGbZ850xh3AOjrtw
- https://swmlee.com/2020/06/18/technicalessays/mariadbseries/08mariadb-dump-backup/