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content/post/mysql-backup.md
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content/post/mysql-backup.md
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---
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title: "mysql/mariadb 备份"
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date: 2019-10-30T00:54:15+08:00
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lastmod: 2026-04-21T19:52:00+08:00
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tags: ["xtrabackup", "mariabackup", "mysql-shell", "备份", "mysql", "mariadb"]
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categories: ["database"]
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---
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## xtrabackup
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### 环境
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- mysql 8.4
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- rockylinux 9.6
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### 安装
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- [下载与操作系统和 mysql 版本对应的通用二进制包](https://www.percona.com/downloads/)，解压
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```bash
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tar zxf percona-xtrabackup-8.4.0-5-Linux-x86_64.glibc2.34-minimal.tar.gz
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mv percona-xtrabackup-8.4.0-5-Linux-x86_64.glibc2.34-minimal /opt/pxb
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```
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### 创建备份用户和目录
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- **备份目录如果是 nfs，挂载时需指定 sync 选项**
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- 创建备份用户
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```sql
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CREATE USER xb@localhost IDENTIFIED BY 'Xtrabackup_1234';
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GRANT BACKUP_ADMIN, PROCESS, RELOAD, LOCK TABLES, REPLICATION CLIENT ON *.* TO xb@localhost;
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GRANT SELECT ON performance_schema.log_status TO xb@localhost;
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GRANT SELECT ON performance_schema.keyring_component_status TO xb@localhost;
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GRANT SELECT ON performance_schema.replication_group_members TO xb@localhost;
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```
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### 全量备份和恢复
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- 备份
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```bash
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/opt/pxb/bin/xtrabackup --backup --target-dir=/backup/ \
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--user=xb --password=Xtrabackup_1234
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```
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- 准备
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```bash
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/opt/pxb/bin/xtrabackup --prepare --target-dir=/backup/
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```
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- 恢复，**提前停止 mysql**
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```bash
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/opt/pxb/bin/xtrabackup --move-back --target-dir=/backup/
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chown -R mysql:mysql /var/lib/mysql
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```
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### 增量备份和恢复
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- 先全量备份一次
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```bash
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/opt/pxb/bin/xtrabackup --backup --target-dir=/backup/full \
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--user=xb --password=Xtrabackup_1234
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```
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- 创建增量备份
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```bash
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/opt/pxb/bin/xtrabackup --backup --target-dir=/backup/incre \
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--incremental-basedir=/backup/full \
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--user=xb --password=Xtrabackup_1234
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```
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- 准备全量备份，**注意这里指定"--apply-log-only"避免事务回滚**
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```bash
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/opt/pxb/bin/xtrabackup --prepare --apply-log-only --target-dir=/backup/full
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```
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- 准备增量备份，**准备最后一个增量备份无需指定"--apply-log-only"**
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```bash
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/opt/pxb/bin/xtrabackup --prepare --target-dir=/backup/full \
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--incremental-dir=/data/backups/incre
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```
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- 恢复，**提前停止 mysql**
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```bash
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/opt/pxb/bin/xtrabackup --move-back --target-dir=/backup/full
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chown -R mysql:mysql /var/lib/mysql
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```
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---
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## mariabackup
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### 环境
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- mariadb 10.3
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- rockylinux 8.10
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### 安装
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```bash
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dnf install mariadb-backup
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```
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### 创建备份用户
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```sql
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CREATE USER backup@localhost IDENTIFIED BY 'Backup_1234';
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GRANT SELECT, RELOAD, PROCESS, REPLICATION CLIENT ON *.* TO backup@localhost;
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```
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### 全量备份和恢复
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- 备份
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```bash
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mariabackup --backup --target-dir=/backup/ \
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--user=backup --password=Backup_1234
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```
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- 准备
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```bash
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mariabackup --prepare --target-dir=/backup/
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```
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- 恢复，**提前停止 mariadb**
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```bash
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mariabackup --move-back --target-dir=/backup/
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chown -R mysql:mysql /var/lib/mysql
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```
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### 增量备份和恢复
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- 先全量备份一次
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```bash
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mariabackup --backup --target-dir=/backup/full \
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--user=backup --password=Backup_1234
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```
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- 创建增量备份
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```bash
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mariabackup --backup --target-dir=/backup/incre \
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--incremental-basedir=/backup/full \
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--user=backup --password=Backup_1234
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```
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- 准备全量备份
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```bash
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mariabackup --prepare --target-dir=/backup/full
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```
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- 准备增量备份
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```bash
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mariabackup --prepare --target-dir=/backup/full \
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--incremental-dir=/data/backups/incre
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```
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- 恢复，**提前停止 mariadb**
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```bash
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/opt/pxb/bin/xtrabackup --move-back --target-dir=/backup/full
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chown -R mysql:mysql /var/lib/mysql
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```
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## mysqlsh
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### 环境
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- mysql 8.4
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- rockylinux 9.6
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### 安装
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- [下载最新的通用二进制包](https://dev.mysql.com/downloads/shell/)，解压
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```bash
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tar zxf mysql-shell-8.4.9-linux-glibc2.28-x86-64bit.tar.gz
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mv mysql-shell-8.4.9-linux-glibc2.28-x86-64git /opt/mysql-shell
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```
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### 创建备份用户
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- 创建备份用户
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```sql
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CREATE USER shell@'%' IDENTIFIED BY 'Shell_1234';
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GRANT PROCESS, RELOAD, LOCK TABLES ON *.* TO shell@localhost;
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```
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### 备份命令
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- 简化 msyql-shell 命令
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```bash
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export MYSQLSH="/opt/mysql-shell -h 'mysql-ip' -P 3306 -u shell -p 'Shell_1234'"
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# 替换其中的 'mysql-ip'
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```
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- 备份实例
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```bash
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$MYSQLSH -e 'util.dumpInstance("/data/backup/full", {compression: "zstd"})'
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# includeSchemas/excludeSchemas: ["db1", "db2"], 指定/忽略备份某些库
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# includeTables/excludeTables: ["db1.tb1", "db2.tb2"], 指定/忽略备份某些库
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# routines/users/triggers: true, 备份函数和存储过程/账号/触发器
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```
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- 备份指定库
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```bash
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$MYSQLSH -e 'util.dumpInstance("/data/backup/dbs", {includeSchemas: ["db1", "db2"]})'
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# 或
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$MYSQLSH -e 'util.dumpSchemas(["db1", "db2"], "/data/backup/dbs")'
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```
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- 备份指定表
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```bash
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$MYSQLSH -e 'util.dumpInstance("/data/backup/tbs", {includeTables: ["db1.tb1", "db2.tb2"]})'
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# 或
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$MYSQLSH -e 'util.dumpTables("db1", ["tb1", "tb2"], "/data/backup/db1_tbs")'
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```
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- 导入数据，建议在服务器本地导入
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```bash
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# 开启 local_infile
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mysql -S /tmp/mysql.sock -uroot -p -e "set global LOCLA_INFILE=ON"
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/opt/mysql-shell/bin/mysqlsh -S /tmp/mysql.sock \
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-e 'util.loadDump("/data/backup/xxxx", {loadUsers: true})'
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# loadUsers: true, 导入账号
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```
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## 参考
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- https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/RC6MykrGbZ850xh3AOjrtw
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- https://swmlee.com/2020/06/18/technicalessays/mariadbseries/08mariadb-dump-backup/
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